logic - Concepts

Explore concepts tagged with "logic"

Total concepts: 26

Concepts

Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy - A logical fallacy where differences in data are ignored while similarities are overemphasized, like shooting a barn and then drawing targets around the bullet holes.
Cantor's Diagonal Argument - A mathematical proof technique showing that the real numbers are uncountable by constructing a number missing from any proposed complete listing.
Conjunction Fallacy - The formal fallacy of assuming that a conjunction of two events is more probable than either event alone.
Logical Fallacies - Errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument, often appearing persuasive but fundamentally flawed.
Computability Theory - The branch of mathematical logic and computer science studying which problems can be solved algorithmically and which are fundamentally unsolvable.
Inference - The process of drawing conclusions from available evidence, premises, or observations using logical reasoning.
Abductive Reasoning - Reasoning to the best explanation for observed facts, generating plausible hypotheses.
Frame Problem - The challenge of representing what does NOT change when an action is performed, without explicitly listing every unchanged fact.
Paradox - A statement or situation that appears self-contradictory or absurd yet may reveal a deeper truth.
Halting Problem - The proven impossibility of creating a general algorithm that can determine whether any given program will eventually halt or run forever.
Deductive Reasoning - Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions with logical certainty.
Venn Diagram - A visual tool using overlapping circles to show relationships between sets, widely used for comparing ideas, finding commonalities, and structured thinking.
Correlation vs Causation - The critical distinction between two things occurring together and one actually causing the other.
Continuum Hypothesis - The unresolved conjecture that there is no infinite set with cardinality strictly between that of the natural numbers and the real numbers.
Argumentation - The process of constructing and evaluating logical arguments to support or refute claims through structured reasoning and evidence.
Reductio ad Absurdum - A logical argument that establishes a claim by showing the opposite leads to absurd conclusions.
Bulverism - A logical fallacy that assumes an opponent is wrong and then explains why they came to hold that wrong belief.
Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems - Two fundamental theorems proving that any consistent formal system powerful enough to express arithmetic contains true statements that cannot be proven within the system.
Slippery Slope - A logical argument or fallacy claiming that one small step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative consequences.
Set Theory - The branch of mathematics studying collections of objects, providing the foundational language and framework for nearly all of modern mathematics.
Formal Methods - Mathematically rigorous techniques for specifying, developing, and verifying software and hardware systems to ensure correctness with respect to a precise specification.
Law of Excluded Middle - Classical logic principle that for any proposition, either it or its negation must be true—there is no third option.
Argumentation Mapping - Visual representation of arguments showing claims, evidence, and logical relationships.
Undecidability - The property of a decision problem for which no algorithm can exist that always gives a correct answer for every possible input.
Dichotomy - Division or contrast between two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive things, ideas, or categories.
Inductive Reasoning - Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalizations or probable conclusions.

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